Mobile device manufacturers want to provide consumers with a natural and easy-to-use user interface that is as easy to use as paper and pen, while also providing the flexibility of a computer that can help manufacturers differentiate their products. The small pointed passive stylus with palm malfunction detection allows manufacturers to offer low-cost solutions that support new application functions such as handwriting, editing, signature capture, and precision navigation. However, the implementation of these features also faces some challenges, and developers of passive stylus must meet a range of performance requirements for capacitive sensing technology on larger touch screens. Specifically, advanced algorithms and sensing methods are needed to detect small signals from the stylus, while eliminating the large unwanted signals caused by the user's palm. In addition, the device must be able to dynamically switch back and forth between the stylus and multi-touch input while maintaining a certain speed, accuracy and responsiveness to ensure an ideal user experience.
As capacitive touch screens become larger and larger, the use of writing devices like paper and pen becomes more intuitive and convenient. The most common way for manufacturers to support the stylus function is to use an active stylus or a passive stylus. Active styluses use electronic components that require a power source and transmit signals to the host device. The active stylus can support advanced features such as hovering, pressure sensing, button support, and erasing on the display. The passive stylus uses a conductive material that is equivalent to the extension of the user's body. The capacitive coupling of the user's hand supports the transmission of signals when the passive stylus touches the screen, and there is no active communication between the stylus and the host platform, so how to distinguish between the finger and the passive stylus is a problem.
In many cases, if both the active stylus and the passive stylus can achieve the same characteristics, there is no need to add additional cost to the system. The extra components and power requirements of the active stylus make it difficult to open the pin, and the poor performance of the passive stylus and/or the bulky size of the stylus can lead to an unnatural handwriting experience. Therefore, if the pen of the passive stylus is 1 to 2 mm, the palm of the hand can rest on the screen while the user is writing, while maintaining sufficient speed and accuracy, and ensuring that the contact point is just the "ink" of the "ink". It can improve the user experience of the passive stylus.
In order to create a practical implementation that supports both finger and passive stylus operations, a number of different uses must be considered. For example, developers should consider the speed at which the system should switch between detecting finger and stylus input. Similarly, they define the system's reaction to the stylus before, after, or at the same time touching the screen. Other important factors include configuring the stylus to detect the stylus signal when it is close to the hand. Figure 1 shows an example of a state machine process under the stylus use case.
Figure 1 Example of the use of the state machine under the passive stylus use case
The paradox of stylus
Passive stylus detection is a complex issue for touch control engineers. The root of the problem lies in the "pencil paradox." The so-called "pencil paradox" means that the signal of the passive stylus is much smaller than the normal finger touch input, and the user thinks that the stylus pen tip is so fine that it should be more accurate than the finger.
Accuracy and linearity are directly proportional to the signal-to-noise ratio of the system. Since the noise floor does not change with the input, signal degradation can have a large impact on the signal-to-noise ratio. The signal level of a capacitive touch screen is basically determined by the coverage area of ​​the touch input. That is to say, the signal strength of a 2 mm passive stylus is 25 times smaller than that of a typical 10 mm finger touch. This gap in signal strength creates many problems for touch engineers. Even with large touch signals, the firmware must be able to detect smaller stylus signals, which often requires different sensor scan modes, and both noise immunity and refresh rate are affected. In addition, passive stylus is best suited for use with larger touchpads, but large touchpads have low refresh rates or larger pitch sensors, both of which affect system performance.
Fundamentally speaking, dealing with the signal strength gap needs to solve two problems. First, although the signal strength is extremely low, the stylus must first be detected. Second, once the stylus is detected, an accurate report must be made. These two major problems have their own difficulties. Conceptually, the most reasonable stylus detection method is to maximize the sensor signal. The problem is usually solved by minimizing the dynamic range of the sensor to signal level (very close to the expected signal level) or even by using software multiplication and filtering. However, high-gain systems are easily saturated by large inputs such as normal finger touches, so normal touches and smaller stylus signals must be handled with care. A common method is to perform two independent scans at each expected signal level to distinguish normal touches from the stylus input.
Introduction to touch and stylus
Figure 2 Introduction to touch and stylus
This mode switching is susceptible to error detection, so the error detection must be filtered out. A typical example is a finger approaching or leaving the touch screen. When the finger is close, its signal level is low (in the passive stylus area), and the signal level is also low when leaving, so other judges must be used to confirm any detected stylus input.
Dead zone management
After the stylus is detected, it must be reported accurately. Unlike typical finger touches, the tip of a passive stylus allows the user to see exactly where they are placed on the LCD. Therefore, although the signal-to-noise ratio is significantly reduced, the user has higher expectations for the accuracy of the stylus manipulation. In addition, linearity is also a key factor because styluses are often used for writing.
The key issue associated with accuracy and linearity of passive styluses is the "dead zone." "Dead zone" refers to the area on the touch screen where the reported signal level does not change even when the input stimulus is transferred to a new location. For example, a 2 mm passive stylus tip can be completely surrounded by a typical 5 mm sensor on the touch screen.
Stylus pen tip dead zone
Figure 3 stylus pen tip dead zone
Small movements of the stylus at the center of the sensor are difficult to detect, but for sensors, the input is typically quantized to the center of the component, so when the stylus's movement is limited to the sensor range, it is reported as being in a fixed position. This is the so-called dead zone.
The general way to solve this problem is to analyze all surrounding sensors and use it to create a lookup table index to correct the report position to better grasp the actual position of the nib. Therefore, the accuracy and linearity of passive stylus is ultimately a way to generate the above-mentioned position index through a very creative method, or to design a more advanced lookup table, because the dead zone is usually an insurmountable physical problem, so Appropriate corrections must be found.
The need to remove the wrong action
Early passive stylus implementations only supported a single input type at a time, and normal finger touches enjoyed higher priority. The stylus system will not work properly if a normal finger touch, such as the edge of a hand-held or tablet, or the palm resting on the screen, appears on the screen. However, both of these situations are common when using a stylus on a large screen. For ease of use, when the stylus is working on the screen, such false touches must be eliminated, thereby increasing user satisfaction.
The reason that the touch screen affects the performance of the stylus also depends on the signal gap. Touching the screen causes its signal to spread across multiple sensors, while peripheral sensors are typically in the stylus area of ​​the signal level. The signal level of a normal touch is much higher than the signal level of the stylus. It's like having two flashlights in a dark room, one is very bright and the other is very dark. The harder the flashlight is, the harder it is to see a darker flashlight. In addition, normal touch can also generate common mode noise. Therefore, if the noisy touch and the stylus share the same sensor receiver, the stylus input will be difficult to detect.
These common mode noise problems are another big area of ​​problem. In general, we can solve this problem by scanning only the specific sensor of interest to isolate the desired signal from the passive stylus. At this point we assume that the stylus can be detected initially and track the movement of the stylus on the screen, thus making the first touch of the stylus weakest. However, once the subset of sensors is tracked to the stylus, most annoying touch problems can be solved.
Although most of the above problems seem difficult to solve, the current development of touch controllers allows us to have products that are sensitive enough to detect small pointed passive styluses, as well as to filter on-screen noise and other interfering objects. Features. From a user perspective, the smart touch controller can handle numerous input related issues of detecting and tracking touch objects. At the system level, the key to success is to develop applications that allow users to better use, create, and control programs on their devices, resulting in greater productivity and a more natural control experience.
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